Lies, Damn Lies, and Statistics
This phrase is often attributed to Mark Twain though that is disputed.
Statistics is a very powerful science/math. It allows you to see things that are not always obvious at a glance. It is also sort of complicated. Because I’m no longer a math nerd, having become a computer nerd this is my goto book whenever I have to actually do statistics. The Cartoon Guide to Statistics
My favorite story from the book, that I repeat often, is the story of a small post graduate business school. As part of their recruiting drive they reported that the average salary for somebody graduating with an MBA from their school was well above $150k.
This sounded wonderful. What they failed to mention was that they got this mean by adding up the first year salaries of all their graduates and dividing by the number of graduates, including the one graduate that went into the NBA with a multi million dollar first year salary. With the small size of the graduating class that salary drove the mean(average) way higher than the median.
The school didn’t tell a lie, they didn’t tell a damn lie, they just used statistics to lie for them.
Almost all measurements of natural phenomena fall into what is called “The Bell Curve”. The bell curve is defined as by the mean (sum of the samples divided by the number of samples) and standard deviation. The larger the standard deviation the wider the bell, the smaller the standard deviation the narrower the bell is. Small SD have steep sides.
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